Chapter 8: More About Strings

In this chapter, the student learns to process strings at a detailed level. String slicing and algorithms that step through the individual characters in a string are discussed, and several built-in functions and string methods for character and text processing are introduced.

Chapter 8 More About Strings -Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this week's material, you should be able to:

describe the basic string operations in Python.
describe how to slice Strings.
describe and use the string Methods and Built in functions.

Testing
Searching
Manipulating

Highlights This Week

Basic String Operations

Python provides several ways to access the individual characters in a string. Strings also have methods that allow you to perform operations on them.

Many of the programs that you have written so far have worked with strings, but only in a limited way. The operations that you have performed with strings so far have primarily involved only input and output. For example, you have read strings as input from the keyboard and from files and sent strings as output to the screen and to files.

There are many types of programs that not only read strings as input and write strings as output, but also perform operations on strings. Word processing programs, for example, manipulate large amounts of text and thus work extensively with strings. Email programs and search engines are other examples of programs that perform operations on strings. Python provides a wide variety of tools and programming techniques that you can use to examine and manipulate strings. In fact, strings are a type of sequence, so many of the concepts that you learned about sequences in our section on looping and collections apply to strings as well.

Accessing the Individual Characters in a String

Some programming tasks require that you access the individual characters in a string. For example, you are probably familiar with websites that require you to set up a password. For security reasons, many sites require that your password have at least one uppercase letter, at least one lowercase letter, and at least one digit. When you set up your password, a program examines each character to ensure that the password meets these qualifications.

we will look at two techniques that you can use in Python to access the individual characters in a string: using the for loop, and indexing.

Iterating over a String with the for Loop

In Python, one of the easiest ways to access the individual characters in a string is to use the for loop.

Here is the general design pattern for processing characters in a String:

for variable in string:

statement

statement

statement

In the general format, variable is the name of a variable and string is either a string literal or a variable that references a string. Each time the loop iterates, variable will reference a copy of a character in string, beginning with the first character. The professional terminology for this is that the loop iterates over the characters in the string

name = ‘Nelson’

for ch in name:

print(ch)

The name variable references a string with six characters, so this loop will iterate six times. The first time the loop iterates, the ch variable will reference 'N', the second time the loop iterates the ch variable will reference 'e'. This will continue until the process gets to the end of the string

Indexing

Another way that you can access the individual characters in a string is with an index. Each character in a string has an index that specifies its position in the string. Indexing starts at 0, so the index of the first character is 0, the index of the second character is 1, and so forth. The index of the last character in a string is 1 less than the number of characters in the string.

The len function can also be used to get the length of a string. The following code demonstrates:

city = Philadelphia

size = len(city)

The second statement calls the len function, passing the city variable as an argument. The function returns the value 11, which is the length of the string ‘Philadelphia’. This value is assigned to the size variable.

The len function is especially useful to prevent loops from iterating beyond the end of a string, as shown here:

city = ‘Philadelphia’

index = 0

while index < len(city):

print(city[index])

index += 1

Notice that the loop iterates as long as index is less than the length of the string. This is because the index of the last character in a string is always 1 less than the length of the string.

String Slicing

You can use slicing expressions to select a range of characters from a string You learned in the lecture on collections that a slice is a span of items that are taken from a sequence of items. This is also referred to as selecting a sub string from the string. A sub string is similar to a sub set of a larger set

To get a slice of a string, you write an expression in the following general format:

string[start : end]

This is similar to how elements were sliced in lists. Just as with slicing a list start is the index of the first character in the slice, and end is the index marking the end of the slice. The expression will return a string containing a copy of the characters from start up to (but not including) end.

Here is an Example:

full_name = 'Patty Ann Nelson' Summary of String Operations

middle_name = full_name[6:9]

The second statement assigns the string 'Lynn' to the middle_name variable. If you leave out the start index in a slicing expression, Python uses 0 as the starting index.

Just as with slicing lists, invalid indexes do not cause slicing expressions to raise an exception.

Once again the following rules apply.

If the end index specifies a position beyond the end of the string, Python will use the length of the string instead.

If the start index specifies a position before the beginning of the string, Python will use 0 instead.
If the start index is greater than the end index, the slicing expression will return an empty string.

Testing, Searching, and Manipulating Strings

Python provides operators and methods for testing strings, searching the contents of strings, and getting modified copies of strings

Testing Strings with in and not in

In Python you can use the in operator to determine whether one string is contained in another string. Here is the general format of an expression using the in operator with two strings: string1 in string2

string1 and string2 can be either string literals or variables referencing strings. The expression returns true if string1 is found in string2.

String Methods

Recall from the in class discussions that a method is a function that belongs to an object and performs some operation on that object. Strings in Python have numerous methods to assist programmers.

The chapter covers some of the following types of operations on strings

Testing the values of strings
Performing various modifications
Searching for substrings and replacing sequences of characters

Here is the General Format of a String Method Call:

stringVariable.method(arguments)

stringVariable is a variable that references a string, method is the name of the method that is being called, and arguments is one or more arguments being passed to the method.

There are a variety of methods that can determine if a string or character is numeric, if it contains spaces, if a character is upper or lower case and that can search for a specific character or sequence of characters in a larger string. Examine these methods in Chapter 8